Who Is Your Representative in the House of Representatives Australia
| House of Representatives | |
|---|---|
| 46th Parliament | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | Lower house of the Parliament of Australia |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker | Andrew Wallace, Liberal |
| Leader of the House | Peter Dutton, Liberal |
| Manager of Opposition Business | Tony Burke, Labor |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 151 |
 | |
| Political groups | Regime (76) Coalition National (sixteen)[b] Opposition (68) Labor (68) Crossbench (7) Greens (ane) UAP (one) KAP (1) Centre Alliance (1) |
| Length of term | three years |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | Instant-runoff voting |
| Last ballot | xviii May 2019 |
| Next election | Past 3 September 2022 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| House of Representatives Bedroom Parliament Business firm Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia | |
| Website | |
| House of Representatives | |
Coordinates: 35°18′31″South 149°07′30″Due east / 35.308582°S 149.125107°Due east / -35.308582; 149.125107
The Firm of Representatives is the lower firm of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate. Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia.
The term of members of the Business firm of Representatives is a maximum of three years from the date of the showtime sitting of the House, only on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached. The House is almost always dissolved earlier, usually alone just sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses. Elections for members of the Business firm of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate. A fellow member of the Business firm may exist referred to equally a "Member of Parliament" ("MP" or "Fellow member"), while a member of the Senate is usually referred to equally a "Senator". The regime of the twenty-four hour period and past extension the Prime Government minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power.
The House of Representatives currently consists of 151 members, elected past and representing single fellow member districts known as electoral divisions (usually referred to every bit "electorates" or "seats"). The number of members is non fixed simply can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, which are required on a regular ground. The most contempo overall increase in the size of the Firm, which came into upshot at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. Information technology reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, increased to 150 at the 2001 election, and stands at 151 as of the 2022 Australian federal election.[1]
Each partitioning elects 1 member using full-preferential instant-runoff voting. This was put in place after the 1918 Swan by-election, which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest chief vote and the help of vote splitting in the bourgeois parties. The Nationalist government of the time changed the lower house voting organisation from commencement-past-the-post to full-preferential voting, effective from the 1919 general election.
Origins and role [edit]
The Australian House of Representatives in 1901
The Commonwealth of australia Constitution Act (Imp.) of 1900 established the House of Representatives as function of the new system of dominion authorities in newly federated Australia. The House is presided over by the Speaker. Members of the House are elected from unmarried member electorates (geographic districts, commonly referred to as "seats" but officially known every bit "Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives"). One vote, one value legislation requires all electorates to have approximately the same number of voters with a maximum x% variation. However, the baseline quota for the number of voters in an electorate is determined by the number of voters in the land in which that electorate is found. Consequently, the electorates of the smallest states and territories take more variation in the number of voters in their electorates. Meanwhile, all the states except Tasmania take electorates approximately within the same 10% tolerance, with most electorates belongings 85,000 to 105,000 voters. Federal electorates have their boundaries redrawn or redistributed whenever a state or territory has its number of seats adjusted, if electorates are not by and large matched by population size or if 7 years have passed since the well-nigh recent redistribution.[2] Voting is past the 'preferential organization', too known equally instant-runoff voting. A full allocation of preferences is required for a vote to be considered formal. This allows for a calculation of the two-political party-preferred vote.
Nether Section 24 of the Constitution, each state is entitled to members based on a population quota determined from the "latest statistics of the Commonwealth."[iii] These statistics ascend from the census conducted nether the auspices of section 51(xi).[4] Until its repeal by the 1967 referendum, section 127 prohibited the inclusion of Aboriginal people in section 24 determinations as including the Indigenous peoples could modify the distribution of seats between united states to the do good of states with larger Aboriginal populations.[5] Section 127, along with department 25 (allowing for race-based disqualification of voters past states)[3] and the race power,[vi] accept been described equally racism built into Commonwealth of australia's constitutional Dna,[7] and modifications to forbid lawful race-based discrimination have been proposed.[viii]
The parliamentary entitlement of a state or territory is established past the Electoral Commissioner dividing the number of the people of the Republic by twice the number of Senators. This is known as the "Nexus Provision". The reasons for this are twofold, to maintain a constant influence for the smaller states and to maintain a constant balance of the ii Houses in case of a joint sitting later a double dissolution. The population of each state and territory is and then divided by this quota to determine the number of members to which each country and territory is entitled. Under the Australian Constitution all original states are guaranteed at least five members. The Federal Parliament itself has decided that the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory should have at least one member each.
According to the Constitution, the powers of both Houses are well-nigh equal, with the consent of both Houses needed to pass legislation. The divergence generally relates to taxation legislation. In practice, by convention, the person who tin can control a majority of votes in the lower business firm is invited by the Governor-Full general to form the Government. In practice that means that the leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with a majority of members in the Firm becomes the Prime Government minister, who and so can nominate other elected members of the government party in both the House and the Senate to become ministers responsible for various portfolios and administer government departments. Bills appropriating money (supply bills) can only be introduced in the lower firm and thus only the party with a bulk in the lower house can govern. In the current Australian political party system, this ensures that nearly all contentious votes are along party lines, and the Government usually has a majority in those votes.
The Opposition party's main role in the House is to present arguments against the Government'due south policies and legislation where appropriate, and attempt to hold the Authorities accountable as much as possible by asking questions of importance during Question Time and during debates on legislation. Past contrast, the but period in recent times during which the government of the day has had a majority in the Senate was from July 2022 (following the 2004 election) to December 2007 (post-obit the Coalition'southward defeat at the federal election that year). Hence, votes in the Senate are normally more meaningful. The House'due south well-established commission system is not always as prominent equally the Senate committee system because of the frequent lack of Senate majority.
Frontbench and despatch box
In a reflection of the United kingdom House of Commons, the predominant colour of the furnishings in the House of Representatives is dark-green. Yet, the colour was tinted slightly in the new Parliament Business firm (opened 1988) to suggest the color of eucalyptus trees. Also, different the House of Commons, the seating arrangement of the crossbench is curved, similar to the curved seating arrangement of the United States Business firm of Representatives. This suggests a more than collaborative, and less oppositional, system than in the Britain parliament (where all members of parliament are seated facing the contrary side).[ citation needed ]
Australian parliaments are notoriously rowdy, with MPs often trading colourful insults. As a upshot, the Speaker oft has to use the disciplinary powers granted to him or her under Standing Orders.[ix]
Since 2015, Australian Federal Police officers armed with assault rifles have been present in both chambers of the Federal Parliament.[x]
Electoral arrangement [edit]
From the beginning of Federation until 1918, commencement-past-the-mail voting was used in club to elect members of the House of Representatives simply since the 1918 Swan by-ballot which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote due to vote splitting among the bourgeois parties, the Nationalist Party authorities, a predecessor of the mod-solar day Liberal Political party of Australia, changed the lower house voting system to Instant-runoff voting, which in Australia is known equally full preferential voting, as of the subsequent 1919 ballot.[11] This system has remained in place ever since, allowing the Coalition parties to safely contest the aforementioned seats.[12] Full-preference preferential voting re-elected the Hawke regime at the 1990 ballot, the beginning time in federal history that Labor had obtained a net benefit from preferential voting.[thirteen]
From 1949 onwards, the vast bulk of electorates, most 90%, are won by the candidate leading on outset preferences, giving the aforementioned result as if the same votes had been counted using first-past-the-mail service voting. The highest proportion of seats (upwards to 2010) won by the candidate non leading on outset preferences was the 1972 federal election, with fourteen of 125 seats not won by the plurality candidate.[14]
Allocation process for the Firm of Representatives [edit]
The chief elements of the operation of preferential voting for single-member Business firm of Representatives divisions are as follows:[15] [sixteen]
- Voters are required to place the number "1" against their commencement selection of candidate, known every bit the "first preference" or "main vote".
- Voters are then required to place the numbers "2", "3", etc., against all of the other candidates listed on the ballot paper, in order of preference. (Every candidate must be numbered, otherwise the vote becomes "informal" (spoiled) and does not count.[17])
- Prior to counting, each ballot newspaper is examined to ensure that information technology is validly filled in (and not invalidated on other grounds).
- The number "1" or first preference votes are counted first. If no candidate secures an absolute bulk (more half) of first preference votes, and so the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded from the count.
- The votes for the eliminated candidate (i.e. from the ballots that placed the eliminated candidate outset) are re-allocated to the remaining candidates according to the number "2" or "second preference" votes.
- If no candidate has however secured an absolute bulk of the vote, then the next candidate with the fewest chief votes is eliminated. This preference allocation is repeated until there is a candidate with an absolute majority. Where a second (or subsequent) preference is expressed for a candidate who has already been eliminated, the voter'south 3rd or subsequent preferences are used.
Following the full allotment of preferences, information technology is possible to derive a two-political party-preferred figure, where the votes take been allocated betwixt the two main candidates in the ballot. In Australia, this is usually between the candidates from the Coalition parties and the Australian Labor Party.
Human relationship with the Government [edit]
Nether the Constitution, the Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss "Ministers of State" who administer government departments. In exercise, the Governor-General chooses ministers in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster system that the Government be drawn from the party or coalition of parties that has a majority in the Firm of Representatives, with the leader of the largest party becoming Prime Minister.
These ministers and then meet in a council known as Cabinet. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital problems are discussed and policy formulated. The Constitution does not recognise the Chiffonier as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves accept legal force. Nonetheless, it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council, which is Australia'southward highest formal governmental torso.[18] In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and requite legal force to decisions already made past the Cabinet. All members of the Chiffonier are members of the Executive Council. While the Governor-General is nominal presiding officer, he most never attends Executive Council meetings. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officeholder of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor-General. The Federal Executive Council is the Australian equivalent of the Executive Councils and privy councils in other Commonwealth realms such as the Queen'south Privy Council for Canada and the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.[19]
A minister is not required to be a Senator or Fellow member of the House of Representatives at the time of their appointment, just their office is forfeited if they exercise not become a fellow member of either house inside three months of their appointment. This provision was included in the Constitution (section 64) to enable the inaugural Ministry building, led by Edmund Barton, to be appointed on 1 January 1901, fifty-fifty though the start federal elections were non scheduled to be held until 29 and 30 March.[20]
Afterward the 1949 ballot, Bill Spooner was appointed a Government minister in the Fourth Menzies Ministry building on 19 December, notwithstanding his term as a Senator did non brainstorm until 22 February 1950.[21]
The provision was also used subsequently the disappearance and presumed death of the Liberal Prime number Government minister Harold Holt in December 1967. The Liberal Party elected John Gorton, then a Senator, as its new leader, and he was sworn in every bit Prime Minister on 10 Jan 1968 (following an interim ministry led by John McEwen). On 1 Feb, Gorton resigned from the Senate to stand for the 24 Feb past-election in Holt's former Business firm of Representatives electorate of Higgins due to the convention that the Prime number Minister exist a member of the lower house. For 22 days (2 to 23 February inclusive) he was Prime Minister while a member of neither business firm of parliament.[22]
On a number of occasions when Ministers have retired from their seats prior to an ballot, or stood but lost their ain seats in the election, they have retained their Ministerial offices until the adjacent authorities is sworn in.
Committees [edit]
Business firm of Representatives committee room, Parliament Business firm, Canberra
A short video on Australian Parliamentary Committees
In addition to the work of the main bedchamber, the House of Representatives also has a big number of committees which deal with matters referred to them by the main House. They provide the opportunity for all Members to ask questions of ministers and public officials as well as conduct inquiries, examine policy and legislation.[23] In one case a particular inquiry is completed the members of the committee can then produce a report, to be tabled in Parliament, outlining what they have discovered as well every bit any recommendations that they have produced for the Government to consider.[24]
The ability of the Houses of Parliament to establish committees is referenced in Section 49 of the Constitution, which states that, "The powers, privileges, and immunities of the Senate and of the Firm of Representatives, and of the members and the committees of each Business firm, shall exist such equally are declared by the Parliament, and until alleged shall be those of the Commons House of Parliament of the United Kingdom, and of its members and committees, at the establishment of the Democracy."[25] [24]
Parliamentary committees can exist given a wide range of powers. 1 of the about significant powers is the ability to summon people to attend hearings in order to give evidence and submit documents. Anyone who attempts to hinder the work of a Parliamentary committee may exist found to be in contempt of Parliament. At that place are a number of ways that witnesses can be found in antipathy. These include refusing to appear earlier a committee when summoned, refusing to respond a question during a hearing or to produce a document, or later being found to have lied to or misled a committee. Anyone who attempts to influence a witness may also be found in contempt.[26] Other powers include, the ability to meet throughout Australia, to found subcommittees and to take evidence in both public and private hearings.[24]
Proceedings of committees are considered to have the same legal standing as proceedings of Parliament, they are recorded by Hansard, except for individual hearings, and also operate nether Parliamentary privilege. Every participant, including committee members and witnesses giving prove, are protected from being prosecuted under whatever ceremonious or criminal activeness for anything they may say during a hearing. Written prove and documents received by a commission are also protected.[26] [24]
Types of committees include:[26]
Standing Committees, which are established on a permanent ground and are responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them past the sleeping room; examining the regime's budget and activities and for examining departmental annual reports and activities.
Select Committees, which are temporary committees, established in social club to deal with particular issues.
Domestic Committees, which are responsible for administering aspects of the House'due south own diplomacy. These include the Choice Commission that determines how the House will deal with particular pieces of legislation and individual members business organization and the Privileges Committee that deals with matters of Parliamentary Privilege.
Legislative Scrutiny Committees, which examine legislation and regulations to decide their impact on private rights and accountability.
Articulation Committees are also established to include both members of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Federation Chamber [edit]
The Federation Bedroom is a second debating bedchamber that considers relatively uncontroversial matters referred by the House. The Federation Chamber cannot, however, initiate or make a final conclusion on any parliamentary business organization, although information technology can perform all tasks in betwixt.[27]
House of Representatives' archway
The Federation Chamber was created in 1994 equally the Main Committee, to salvage some of the burden of the House: different matters can be candy in the House at large and in the Federation Chamber, as they sit simultaneously. It is designed to be less formal, with a quorum of only three members: the Deputy Speaker of the Firm, one government member, and one non-regime member. Decisions must exist unanimous: any divided decision sends the question back to the House at big.
Inside the House of Representatives
The Federation Chamber was created through the Firm's Continuing Orders:[28] information technology is thus a subordinate body of the Firm, and can simply exist in session while the Firm itself is in session. When a division vote in the House occurs, members in the Federation Chamber must return to the House to vote.
The Federation Bedroom is housed in i of the Firm's committee rooms; the room is customised for this purpose and is laid out to resemble the Business firm chamber.[29]
Due to the unique role of what was and so called the Main Committee, proposals were fabricated to rename the body to avert confusion with other parliamentary committees, including "2nd Chamber"[30] and "Federation Sleeping room".[31] The House of Representatives later adopted the latter proposal.[32]
The concept of a parallel body to expedite Parliamentary business, based on the Australian Federation Chamber, was mentioned in a 1998 British House of Eatables study,[33] which led to the creation of that torso's parallel sleeping room Westminster Hall.[34]
Current Firm of Representatives [edit]
The current Parliament is the 46th Australian Parliament. The well-nigh contempo federal election was held on 18 May 2022 and the 46th Parliament first sat in July.
The outcome of the 2022 ballot saw the incumbent Liberal/National Coalition government re-elected for a third term with 77 seats in the 151-seat House of Representatives (an increase of 1 seat compared to the 2022 election), a two-seat majority government. The Shorten Labor opposition won 68 seats, a decrease of 1 seat. On the crossbench, the Australian Greens, the Middle Alliance, Katter's Australian Party, and independents Andrew Wilkie, Helen Haines and Zali Steggall won a seat each.[35]
Business firm of Representatives primary, two-party and seat results [edit]
A 2-party system has existed in the Australian House of Representatives since the two non-Labor parties merged in 1909. The 1910 election was the first to elect a majority government, with the Australian Labor Party concurrently winning the first Senate majority. Prior to 1909 a 3-party organisation existed in the sleeping accommodation. A two-party-preferred vote (2PP) has been calculated since the 1919 alter from showtime-past-the-post to preferential voting and subsequent introduction of the Coalition. ALP = Australian Labor Party, L+NP = grouping of Liberal/National/LNP/CLP Coalition parties (and predecessors), Oth = other parties and independents.
| Ballot Year | Labour | Free Merchandise | Protectionist | Independent | Other parties | Total seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1901 | 14 | 28 | 31 | 2 | 75 | ||||
| Election Yr | Labour | Free Trade | Protectionist | Independent | Other parties | Total seats | ||||
| 2d | 1903 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 1 | Acquirement Tariff | 75 | |||
| Ballot Year | Labour | Anti-Socialist | Protectionist | Independent | Other parties | Total seats | ||||
| 3rd | 1906 | 26 | 26 | 21 | 1 | i | Western Australian | 75 | ||
| Main vote | 2PP vote | Seats | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALP | 50+NP | Oth. | ALP | L+NP | ALP | 50+NP | Oth. | Total | |
| 13 April 1910 ballot | fifty.0% | 45.1% | four.9% | – | – | 42 | 31 | ii | 75 |
| 31 May 1913 ballot | 48.5% | 48.9% | 2.6% | – | – | 37 | 38 | 0 | 75 |
| 5 September 1914 election | 50.9% | 47.2% | ane.9% | – | – | 42 | 32 | 1 | 75 |
| v May 1917 election | 43.9% | 54.two% | ane.9% | – | – | 22 | 53 | 0 | 75 |
| thirteen December 1919 ballot | 42.5% | 54.iii% | iii.2% | 45.9% | 54.one% | 25 | 38 | 2 | 75 |
| sixteen December 1922 election | 42.3% | 47.8% | 9.ix% | 48.8% | 51.2% | 29 | twoscore | 6 | 75 |
| xiv November 1925 ballot | 45.0% | 53.2% | 1.8% | 46.2% | 53.8% | 23 | 50 | 2 | 75 |
| 17 November 1928 election | 44.6% | 49.6% | 5.8% | 48.iv% | 51.6% | 31 | 42 | two | 75 |
| 12 Oct 1929 election | 48.eight% | 44.ii% | 7.0% | 56.7% | 43.iii% | 46 | 24 | 5 | 75 |
| 19 December 1931 election | 27.1% | 48.4% | 24.five% | 41.5% | 58.v% | 14 | 50 | 11 | 75 |
| 15 September 1934 election | 26.8% | 45.6% | 27.6% | 46.5% | 53.five% | xviii | 42 | 14 | 74 |
| 23 October 1937 election | 43.ii% | 49.three% | 7.5% | 49.4% | 50.6% | 29 | 43 | 2 | 74 |
| 21 September 1940 election | twoscore.2% | 43.9% | xv.9% | fifty.3% | 49.7% | 32 | 36 | 6 | 74 |
| 21 Baronial 1943 election | 49.9% | 23.0% | 27.1% | 58.2% | 41.8% | 49 | xix | 6 | 74 |
| 28 September 1946 election | 49.7% | 39.3% | 11.0% | 54.1% | 45.9% | 43 | 26 | v | 74 |
| 10 December 1949 election | 46.0% | 50.3% | iii.7% | 49.0% | 51.0% | 47 | 74 | 0 | 121 |
| 28 Apr 1951 election | 47.6% | l.iii% | 2.1% | 49.3% | fifty.7% | 52 | 69 | 0 | 121 |
| 29 May 1954 election | 50.0% | 46.8% | 3.2% | 50.7% | 49.iii% | 57 | 64 | 0 | 121 |
| 10 December 1955 election | 44.6% | 47.six% | vii.viii% | 45.viii% | 54.2% | 47 | 75 | 0 | 122 |
| 22 November 1958 election | 42.8% | 46.six% | 10.6% | 45.9% | 54.one% | 45 | 77 | 0 | 122 |
| 9 December 1961 election | 47.9% | 42.1% | 10.0% | l.v% | 49.five% | 60 | 62 | 0 | 122 |
| 30 November 1963 ballot | 45.5% | 46.0% | 8.5% | 47.4% | 52.6% | 50 | 72 | 0 | 122 |
| 26 Nov 1966 election | 40.0% | l.0% | 10.0% | 43.1% | 56.9% | 41 | 82 | 1 | 124 |
| 25 Oct 1969 election | 47.0% | 43.3% | ix.7% | 50.two% | 49.8% | 59 | 66 | 0 | 125 |
| 2 December 1972 election | 49.half dozen% | 41.v% | viii.9% | 52.7% | 47.3% | 67 | 58 | 0 | 125 |
| xviii May 1974 ballot | 49.3% | 44.nine% | 5.eight% | 51.7% | 48.3% | 66 | 61 | 0 | 127 |
| thirteen December 1975 election | 42.8% | 53.1% | 4.1% | 44.iii% | 55.7% | 36 | 91 | 0 | 127 |
| 10 December 1977 election | 39.7% | 48.1% | 12.2% | 45.4% | 54.6% | 38 | 86 | 0 | 124 |
| 18 Oct 1980 election | 45.2% | 46.3% | viii.5% | 49.half dozen% | 50.4% | 51 | 74 | 0 | 125 |
| five March 1983 ballot | 49.five% | 43.6% | 6.9% | 53.2% | 46.eight% | 75 | 50 | 0 | 125 |
| 1 December 1984 election | 47.6% | 45.0% | vii.iv% | 51.eight% | 48.2% | 82 | 66 | 0 | 148 |
| 11 July 1987 election | 45.8% | 46.one% | viii.1% | 50.8% | 49.two% | 86 | 62 | 0 | 148 |
| 24 March 1990 election | 39.4% | 43.5% | 17.i% | 49.9% | 50.1% | 78 | 69 | 1 | 148 |
| 13 March 1993 election | 44.ix% | 44.three% | 10.vii% | 51.4% | 48.6% | fourscore | 65 | ii | 147 |
| 2 March 1996 election | 38.7% | 47.3% | fourteen.0% | 46.4% | 53.6% | 49 | 94 | 5 | 148 |
| 3 October 1998 election | 40.ane% | 39.five% | 20.4% | 51.0% | 49.0% | 67 | 80 | ane | 148 |
| 10 Nov 2001 ballot | 37.viii% | 43.0% | 19.two% | 49.0% | 51.0% | 65 | 82 | 3 | 150 |
| nine October 2004 election | 37.6% | 46.7% | fifteen.7% | 47.3% | 52.7% | 60 | 87 | three | 150 |
| 24 November 2007 ballot | 43.4% | 42.1% | fourteen.5% | 52.seven% | 47.3% | 83 | 65 | two | 150 |
| 21 August 2022 ballot | 38.0% | 43.3% | 18.7% | 50.1% | 49.ix% | 72 | 72 | 6 | 150 |
| 7 September 2022 election | 33.iv% | 45.6% | 21.0% | 46.5% | 53.5% | 55 | xc | 5 | 150 |
| ii July 2022 election | 34.7% | 42.0% | 23.3% | 49.6% | 50.4% | 69 | 76 | 5 | 150 |
| 18 May 2022 election | 33.3% | 41.4% | 25.2% | 48.v% | 51.5% | 68 | 77 | vi | 151 |
Encounter as well [edit]
- 2019 Australian federal election
- Australian Business firm of Representatives committees
- Canberra Press Gallery
- Chronology of Australian federal parliaments
- Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives
- Begetter of the Australian House of Representatives
- List of Australian federal by-elections
- Members of the Australian Firm of Representatives
- Members of the Australian Parliament who accept served for at least thirty years
- Members of the Australian Parliament who accept represented more than one country or territory
- Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
- Women in the Australian House of Representatives
- Browne–Fitzpatrick privilege instance, 1955
Notes [edit]
- ^ Including 17 Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the Liberals political party room
- ^ Including six Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the Nationals party room
- ^ Electric current independent MPs: Andrew Wilkie (Clark), Helen Haines (Indi), Zali Steggall (Warringah)
References [edit]
- ^ Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives
- ^ Barber, Stephen (25 August 2016). "Electoral Redistributions during the 45th Parliament". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Republic of Commonwealth of australia Constitution Human activity 1900 (UK), page vi". Museum of Australian Commonwealth. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Britain), page 10". Museum of Australian Republic. Retrieved ten November 2016.
- ^ Korff, Jens (eight October 2014). "Australian 1967 Referendum". creativespirits.info . Retrieved nine November 2016.
- ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Human action 1900 (UK), page xi". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved ten November 2016.
- ^ Williams, George (2012). "Removing racism from Australia's constitutional DNA". Alternative Law Journal. 37 (three): 151–155. doi:10.1177/1037969X1203700302. S2CID 145522774. SSRN 2144763.
- ^ Expert Panel on Recognising Ancient and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution (January 2012). Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution. Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN978-i-921975-29-5.
- ^ Madigan, Michael (27 February 2009). "Barking, biting dog House". Winnipeg Free Printing . Retrieved 22 Baronial 2010.
- ^ "Armed guards now stationed to protect Australian MPs and senators in both chambers of Federal Parliament". The Sydney Morning time Herald. nine February 2015. Retrieved eleven June 2017.
- ^ "A Brusque History of Federal Election Reform in Commonwealth of australia". Australian electoral history. Australian Electoral Committee. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ Green, Antony (2004). "History of Preferential Voting in Australia". Antony Greenish Election Guide: Federal Election 2004. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ "The Origin of Senate Group Ticket Voting, and it didn't come from the Major Parties". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ Greenish, Antony (eleven May 2010). "Preferential Voting in Australia". www.abc.cyberspace.au . Retrieved 1 Nov 2020.
- ^ "Preferential Voting". Australianpolitics.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved xvi June 2010.
- ^ "How the House of Representatives votes are counted". Australian Electoral Commission. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^ "How does Australia'due south voting system work?". The Guardian. xiv Baronial 2013. Retrieved fourteen August 2016.
- ^ "Federal Executive Quango Handbook". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ Hamer, David (2004). The executive government (PDF). Department of the Senate (Australia). p. 113. ISBN0-642-71433-9.
- ^ Rutledge, Martha. "Sir Edmund (1849–1920)". Australian Lexicon of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ Starr, Graeme (2000). "Spooner, Sir William Henry (1897–1966)". Australian Lexicon of Biography. Melbourne University Printing. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 7 January 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ "John Gorton Prime number Minister from 10 Jan 1968 to 10 March 1971". National Museum of Commonwealth of australia. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "Committees". aph.gov.au. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Odgers' Australian Senate Practice Fourteenth Edition Affiliate xvi - Committees". 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ Constitution of Australia, section 49.
- ^ a b c "Infosheet iv - Committees". aph.gov.au. Retrieved 22 Feb 2017.
- ^ "The Construction Of The Australian House Of Representatives Over Its First One Hundred Years: The Bear on Of Globalisation," Ian Harris
- ^ Standing and Sessional Orders Archived 3 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, House of Representatives
- ^ Principal Committee Fact Sheet Archived 31 August 2007 at the Wayback Motorcar, Parliamentary Education Office
- ^ The Second Chamber: Enhancing the Main Committee, House of Representatives
- ^ Renaming the Chief Committee, House of Representatives
- ^ [House of Representatives Vote and Proceedings], 8 February 2012, Item viii.
- ^ "Select Committee on Modernisation of the Firm of Eatables Offset Report". House of Eatables of the Britain. 7 December 1998. Retrieved twenty June 2007.
- ^ Business firm of Commons Standard Note—Modernization: Westminster Hall, SN/PC/3939. Updated 6 March 2006. Retrieved 27 Feb 2012.
- ^ "Federal Ballot 2022 Results". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) . Retrieved 21 June 2019.
Farther reading [edit]
- Souter, Gavin (1988). Acts of Parliament: A narrative history of the Senate and House of Representatives, Commonwealth of Commonwealth of australia. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. ISBN0-522-84367-0.
- Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901). The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN0-9596568-0-4. In Cyberspace Annal
- B.C. Wright, House of Representatives Practise (sixth Ed.), A detailed reference work on all aspects of the Business firm of Representatives' powers, procedures and practices.
External links [edit]
- Business firm of Representatives – Official website.
- Australian Parliament – alive broadcasting
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives
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